Simulations
Browse by topic. Click a heading to expand a category, then click a simulation to open it. Each simulation comes with teaching notes and a guided walkthrough.
▶ Kinetic Theory of Matter 3 simulations
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State Changes
Simulations of particles and their state changes. GCSE Open → -
HCl and NH3 Diffusion Tube
Animated diffusion tube for the reaction between hydrogen chloride and ammonia. Temperature, air particles and reactant particles can be adjusted. GCSE Open → -
Brownian Motion
Brown's 1827 experiment of a pollen grain moving on the surface of water. GCSE Open →
▶ Atomic Structure 3 simulations
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Electronic Structure
Electron shell diagram for every element up to calcium. Step through the elements one at a time to watch the shells fill by the 2,8,8 rule. The outer shell tells you the group, and electrons can be added or removed to form ions. GCSE Open → -
Electron Configuration
Orbital energy-level diagram for every element up to krypton. Electrons fill shells, sub-shells and orbitals according to the Aufbau principle and Hund's rule, including the awkward cases. Ions can be built by adding or removing electrons. A-level Open → -
Mass Spectrometry - Deflection
Simulation of deflection-based mass spectrometry. A-Level Open →
▶ Bonding & Structure 4 simulations
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Covalent Bonding
Drag atoms together to share electrons and build simple molecules. Dot-and-cross diagrams form as the outer shells overlap, and each atom stops bonding once its outer shell is full. GCSE Open → -
Simple Molecules and Giant Structures
A simple 2D illustration of the difference between simple and giant structures. Zoom out from a single particle to a whole crystal, side by side, and follow the connections between particles through the lattice. GCSE Open → -
Shapes of Molecules (VSEPR)
Shapes of simple molecules up to six electron pairs. Electron pairs can be moved to show their repulsion. Bond angles and geometries calculated using VSEPR theory. A-level Open → -
The Madelung Constant in 1D, 2D and 3DNew
Build the Madelung constant up term by term for alternating lattices of ions in one, two and three dimensions. Sum shell by shell, over expanding cubes, or over Evjen's neutral blocks, and see why the order of summation decides whether the series converges at all. Pre-University Open →
▶ Organic 1 simulation
▶ Acids & Bases 3 simulations
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Acid–Base Titration
Run a virtual titration for a range of acids, alkalis and indicators, and plot the pH curve. A-level Open → -
Buffer Solutions
Add acid or base to a buffer and compare it with water and with an unbuffered solution. A-level Open → -
Weak Acid pH — Approximation vs Exact
Compare the simplifying assumption [H+]=[A-], [HA]=[HA]0 against the exact pH for a weak acid. Ka and acid concentration can be varied. A-level Open →
▶ Rates/Kinetics 2 simulations
▶ Equilibrium 1 simulation
▶ Quantum 5 simulations
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Atomic Orbitals Density
Density plots of atomic orbitals as electron positions are sampled. Pre-University Open → -
Molecular Orbital Formation - Hydrogen
Formation of molecular orbitals from two 1s orbitals for hydrogen and helium molecules. Pre-University Open → -
Molecular Orbital Formation - s and p Orbitals
Formation of molecular orbitals from two 1s and 2p orbitals. Pre-University Open → -
Molecular Orbital Formation - Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules
Molecular orbital diagrams for H₂ and the Period 2 homonuclear diatomic molecules. Pre-University Open → -
Molecular Orbital Formation - Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules
Molecular orbital diagrams for Period 2 heteronuclear diatomic molecules. Pre-University Open →